Ex parte MERRYMAN
Circuit Court, D. Maryland.
April Term, 1861.
HABEAS CORPUS POWER TO SUSPEND IN TIME OF WAR; PRESIDENT; MILITARY AUTHORITY;
SUSPENSION BY CONGRESS.
1. On the 25th May 1861, the petitioner, a citizen of Baltimore county, in the state of Maryland, was arrested by
a military force, acting under orders of a major general of the United States army, commanding in the state of
Pennsylvania, and committed to the custody of the general commanding Fort McHenry, within the district of
Maryland; on the 26th May 1861, a writ of habeas corpus was issued by the chief justice of the United States,
sitting at chambers, directed to the commandant of the fort, commanding him to produce the body of the
petitioner before the chief justice, in Baltimore city, on the 27th day of May 1861; on the
last mentioned day, the writ was returned served, and the officer to whom it was directed declined to produce the petitioner, giving as
his excuse the following reasons: 1. That the petitioner was arrested by the orders of the
major general commanding in Pennsylvania, upon the charge of treason, in being 'publicly associated with and holding a
commission as lieutenant in a company having in their possession arms belonging to the United States, and
avowing his purpose of armed hostility against the government.' 2. That he (the officer having the petitioner in
custody) was duly authorized by the president of the United States, in such cases, to suspend the writ of habeas
corpus for the public safety. Held, that the petitioner was entitled to be set at liberty and discharged immediately
from confinement, upon the grounds following: 1. That the president, under the constitution of the United States,
cannot suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, nor authorize a military officer to do it. 2. That a
military officer has no right to arrest and detain a person not subject to the rules and articles of war, for an
offence against the law of the United States, except in aid of the judicial authority, and subject to its control; and
if the party be arrested by the military, it is the duty of the officer to deliver him over immediately to the civil
authority, to be dealt with according to law. [Approved in Re Kemp, 16 Wis. 367.]
2. Under the constitution of the United States, congress is the only power which can authorize the suspension of
the privilege of the writ. [Cited in Ex parte Field, Case No. 4,761; McCall v. McDowell, Id. 8,673.]
Habeas corpus. On the 26th May 1861, the following sworn petition was presented to the chief justice of the
United States, on behalf of John Merryman, then in confinement in Fort McHenry:
'To the Hon. Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States: The petition of John
Merryman, of Baltimore county and state of Maryland, respectfully shows, that being at home, in his own
domicile, he was, about the hour of two o'clock a. m., on the 25th day of May, A. D. 1861, aroused from his bed
by an armed force pretending to act under military orders from some person to your petitioner unknown. That he
was by said armed force, deprived of his liberty, by being taken into custody, and removed from his said home
to Fort McHenry, near to the city of Baltimore, and in the district aforesaid, and where your petitioner now is in
close custody. That he has been so imprisoned without any process or color of law whatsoever, and that none
such is pretended by those who are thus detaining him; and that no warrant from any court, magistrate or other
person having legal authority to issue the same exists to justify such arrest; but to the contrary, the same, as
above stated, hath been done without color of law and in violation of of constitution and laws of the United
States, of which he is a citizen. That since his arrest, he has been informed, that some order, purporting to
come from one General Keim, of Pennsylvania, to this petitioner unknown, directing the arrest of the captain of
some company in Baltimore county, of which company the petitioner never was and is not captain, was the
pretended ground of his arrest, and is the sole ground, as he believes, on which he is now detained. That the
person now so detaining him at said fort is Brigadier General George Cadwalader, the military commander of
said post, professing to act in the premises under or by color of the authority of the United States. Your
petitioner, therefore, prays that the writ of habeas corpus may issue, to be directed to the said George
Cadwalader, commanding him to produce your petitioner before you, judge as aforesaid, with the cause, if any,
for his arrest and detention, to the end that your petitioner be discharged and restored to liberty, and as in duty,
& c. John Merryman. Fort McKenry, 25th May 1861.
'United States of America, District of Maryland, to wit: Before the subscriber, a commissioner appointed by the
circuit court of the United States, in and for the Fourth circuit and district of Maryland, to take affidavits, & c.,
personally appeared the 25th day of May, A. D. 1861, Geo. H. Williams, of the city of Baltimore and district
aforesaid, and made oath on the Holy Evangely of Almighty God, that the matters and facts stated in the
foregoing petition are true, to the best of his knowledge, information and belief; and that the said petition was
signed in his presence by the petitioner, and would have been sworn to by him, said petitioner, but that he was,
at the time, and still is, in close custody, and all access to him denied, except to his counsel and his brother
in law this deponent being one of said counsel. Sworn to before me, the 25th day of May, A. D. 1861. John
Hanan, U. S. Commissioner.
'United States of America, District of Maryland, to wit: Before the subscriber, a commissioner appointed by the
circuit court of the United States, in and for the Fourth circuit and district of Maryland, to take affidavits, & c.,
personally appeared this 26th day of May, 1861, George H. Williams, of the city of Baltimore and district
aforesaid, and made oath on the Holy Evangely of Almighty God, that on the 26th day of May, he went to Fort
McHenry, in the preceding affidavit mentioned, and obtained an interview with Gen. Geo. Cadwalader, then and
there in command, and deponent, one of the counsel of said John Merryman, in the foregoing petition named,
and at his request, and declaring himself to be such counsel, requested and demanded that he might be
permitted to see the written papers, and to be permitted to make copies thereof, under and by which he, the
said general, detained the said Merryman in custody, and that to said demand the said Gen. Cadwalader
replied, that he would neither permit the deponent, though officially requesting and demanding, as such counsel,
to read the said papers, nor to have or make copies thereof. Sworn to this 26th day of May, A. D. 1861, before
me. John Hanan, U. S. Commissioner for Maryland.'
Upon this petition the chief justice passed the following order:
'In the matter of the petition of John Merryman, for a writ of habeas corpus: Ordered, this 26th day of May, A. D.
1861, that the writ of habeas corpus issue in this case, as prayed, and that the same be directed to General
George Cadwalader, and be issued in the usual form, by Thomas Spicer, clerk of the circuit court of the United
States in and for the district of Maryland, and that the said writ of habeas corpus be returnable at eleven o'clock,
on Monday, the 27th of May 1861, at the circuit court room, in the Masonic Hall, in the city of Baltimore, before
me, chief justice of the supreme court of United States. R. B. Taney.'
In obedience to this order, Mr. Spicer issued the following writ:
'District of Maryland, to wit: The United States of America, to General George Cadwalader, Greeting: You are
hereby commanded to be and appear before the Honorable Roger B. Taney, chief justice of the supreme court
of the United States, at the United States courtroom, in the Masonic Hall, in the city of Baltimore, on Monday,
the 27th day of May 1861, at eleven o'clock in the morning, and that you have with you the body of John
Merryman, of Baltimore county, and now in your custody, and that you certify and make known the day and
cause of the caption and detention of the said John Merryman, and that you then and there, do, submit to, and
receive whatsoever the said chief justice shall determine upon concerning you on this behalf, according to law,
and have you then and there this writ. Witness, the Honorable R. B. Taney, chief justice of our supreme court,
&c. Thomas Spicer, Clerk. Issued 26th May 1861.'
The marshal made return that he had served the writ on General Cadwalader, on the same day on which it
issued; and filed that return on the 27th May 1861, on which day, at eleven o'clock precisely, the chief justice
took his seat on the bench. In a few minutes, Colonel Lee, a military officer, appeared with General
Cadwalader's return to the writ, which is as follows:
'Headquarters, Department of Annapolis, Fort McHenry, May 26 1861. To the Hon. Roger B. Taney, Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Baltimore, Md.Sir: The undersigned, to whom the annexed
writ, of this date, signed by Thomas Spicer, clerk of the supreme court of the United States, is directed, most
respectfully states, that the arrest of Mr. John Merryman, in the said writ named, was not made with his
knowledge, or by his order or direction, but was made by Col. Samuel Yohe, acting under the orders of Major
General William H. Keim, both of said officers being in the military service of the United States, but not within
the limits of his command. The prisoner was brought to this post on the 20th inst., by Adjutant James Wittimore
and Lieut. Wm. H. Abel, by order of Col. Yohe, and is charged with various acts of treason, and with being
publicly associated with and holding a commission as lieutenant in a company having in their possession arms
belonging to the United States, and avowing his purpose of armed hostility against the government. He is also
informed that it can be clearly established, that the prisoner has made often and unreserved declarations of his
association with this organized force, as being in avowed hostility to the government, and in readiness to
cooperate with those engaged in the present rebellion against the government of the United States. He has
further to inform you, that he is duly authorized by the president of the United States, in such cases, to suspend
the writ of habeas corpus, for the public safety. This is a high and delicate trust, and it has been enjoined upon
him that it should be executed with judgment and discretion, but he is nevertheless also instructed that in times
of civil strife, errors, if any, should be on the side of the safety of the country. He most respectfully submits for
your consideration, that those who should cooperate in the present trying and painful position in which our
country is placed, should not, by any unnecessary want of confidence in each other, increase our
embarrassments. He, therefore, respectfully requests that you will postpone further action upon this case, until
he can receive instructions from the president of the United States, when you shall hear further from him. I have
the honor to be, with high respect, your obedient servant, George Cadwalader, Brevet
Major General U. S. A. Commanding.'
The chief justice then inquired of the officer whether he had brought with him the body of John Merryman, and on
being answered that he had no instructions but to deliver the return, the chief justice said: 'General Cadwalader
was commanded to produce the body of Mr. Merryman before me this morning, that the case might be heard,
and the petitioner be either remanded to custody, or set at liberty, if held on insufficient grounds; but he has
acted in disobedience to the writ, and I therefore direct that an attachment be at once issued against him,
returnable before me here, at twelve o'clock tomorrow.' The order was then passed as follows:
'Ordered, that an attachment forthwith issue against General George Cadwalader for a contempt, in refusing to
produce the body of John Merryman, according to the command of the writ of habeas corpus, returnable and
returned before me to day, and that said attachment be returned before me at twelve o'clock tomorrow, at the
room of the circuit court. R. B. Taney. Monday, May 27 1861.'
The clerk issued the writ of attachment as directed. At twelve o'clock, on the 28th May 1861, the chief justice
again took his seat on the bench, and called for the marshal's return to the writ of attachment. It was as follows:
'I hereby certify to the Honorable Roger B. Taney, chief justice of the supreme court of the United States, that by
virtue of the within writ of attachment, to me directed, on the 27th day of May 1861, I proceeded, on this 28th
day of May 1861, to Fort McHenry, for the purpose of serving the said writ. I sent in my name at the outer gate;
the messenger returned with the reply, 'that there was no answer to my card,' and therefore, I could not serve the
writ, as I was commanded. I was not permitted to enter the gate. So answers Washington Bonifant, U. S.
Marshal for the District of Maryland.'
After it was read, the chief justice said, that the marshal had the power to summon the posse comitatus to aid
him in seizing and bringing before the court, the party named in the attachment, who would, when so brought in,
be liable to punishment by fine and imprisonment; but where, as in this case, the power refusing obedience was
so notoriously superior to any the marshal could command, he held that officer excused from doing anything
more than he had done. The chief justice then proceeded as follows:
'I ordered this attachment yesterday, because, upon the face of the return, the detention of the prisoner was
unlawful, upon the grounds: 1. That the president, under the constitution of the United States, cannot suspend
the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, nor authorize a military officer to do it. 2. A military officer has no right
to arrest and detain a person not subject to the rules and articles of war, for an offence against the laws of the
United States, except in aid of the judicial authority, and subject to its control; and if the party be arrested by the
military, it is the duty of the officer to deliver him over immediately to the civil authority, to be dealt with according
to law. It is, therefore, very clear that John Merryman, the petitioner, is entitled to be set at liberty and discharged
immediately from imprisonment. I forbore yesterday to state orally the provisions of the
constitution of the United States, which make those principles the fundamental law of the Union, because an oral statement might be
misunderstood in some portions of it, and I shall therefore put my opinion in writing, and file it in the office of the
clerk of the circuit court, in the course of this week.'
He concluded by saying, that he should cause his opinion, when filed, and all the proceedings, to be laid before
the president, in order that he might perform his constitutional duty, to enforce the laws, by securing obedience
to the process of the United States.
TANEY, Circuit Justice.
The application in this case for a writ of habeas corpus is made to me under the 14th section of the judiciary act
of 1789 [1 Stat. 81], which renders effectual for the citizen the constitutional privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus. That act gives to the courts of the United States, as well as to each justice of the supreme court, and to
every district judge, power to grant writs of habeas corpus for the purpose of an inquiry into the cause of
commitment. The petition was presented to me, at Washington, under the impression that I would order the
prisoner to be brought before me there, but as he was confined in Fort McHenry, in the city of Baltimore, which
is in my circuit, I resolved to hear it in the latter city, as obedience to the writ, under such circumstances, would
not withdraw General Cadwalader, who had him in charge, from the limits of his military command.
The petition presents the following case: The petitioner resides in Maryland, in Baltimore county; while
peaceably in his own house, with his family, it was at two o'clock on the morning of the 25th of May 1861,
entered by an armed force, professing to act under military orders; he was then compelled to rise from his bed,
taken into custody, and conveyed to Fort McHenry, where he is imprisoned by the commanding officer, without
warrant from any lawful authority.
The commander of the fort, General George Cadwalader, by whom he is detained in confinement, in his return
to the writ, does not deny any of the facts alleged in the petition. He states that the prisoner was arrested by
order of General Keim, of Pennsylvania, and conducted as aforesaid to Fort McHenry, by his order, and placed
in his (General Cadwalader's) custody, to be there detained by him as a prisoner.
A copy of the warrant or order under which the prisoner was arrested was demanded by his counsel, and
refused: and it is not alleged in the return, that any specific act, constituting any offence against the laws of the
United States, has been charged against him upon oath, but he appears to have been arrested upon general
charges of treason and rebellion, without proof, and without giving the names of the
witnesses, or specifying the acts which, in the judgment of the military officer, constituted these crimes. Having the prisoner thus in custody
upon these vague and unsupported accusations, he refuses to obey the writ of habeas corpus, upon the ground
that he is duly authorized by the president to suspend it.
The case, then, is simply this: a military officer, residing in Pennsylvania, issues an order to arrest a citizen of
Maryland, upon vague and indefinite charges, without any proof, so far as appears; under this order, his house
is entered in the night, he is seized as a prisoner, and conveyed to Fort McHenry, and there kept in close
confinement; and when a habeas corpus is served on the commanding officer, requiring him to produce the
prisoner before a justice of the supreme court, in order that he may examine into the legality of the
imprisonment, the answer of the officer, is that he is authorized by the president to suspend the writ of habeas
corpus at his discretion, and in the exercise of that discretion, suspends it in this case, and on that ground
refuses obedience to the writ.
As the case comes before me, therefore, I understand that the president not only claims the right to suspend the
writ of habeas corpus himself, at his discretion, but to delegate that discretionary power to a military officer, and
to leave it to him to determine whether he will or will not obey judicial process that may be served upon him. No
official notice has been given to the courts of justice, or to the public, by proclamation or otherwise, that the
president claimed this power, and had exercised it in the manner stated in the return. And I certainly listened to
it with some surprise, for I had supposed it to be one of those points of constitutional law upon which there was
no difference of opinion, and that it was admitted on all hands, that the privilege of the writ could not be
suspended, except by act of congress.
When the conspiracy of which Aaron Burr was the head, became so formidable, and was so extensively
ramified, as to justify, in Mr. Jefferson's opinion, the suspension of the writ, he claimed, on his part, no power to
suspend it, but communicated his opinion to congress, with all the proofs in his possession, in order that
congress might exercise its discretion upon the subject, and determine whether the public safety required it.
And in the debate which took place upon the subject, no one suggested that Mr. Jefferson might exercise the
power himself, if, in his opinion, the public safety demanded it.
Having, therefore, regarded the question as too plain and too well settled to be open to dispute, if the
commanding officer had stated that, upon his own responsibility, and in the exercise of his own discretion, he
refused obedience to the writ, I should have contented myself with referring to the clause in the constitution, and
to the construction it received from every jurist and statesman of that day, when the case of Burr was before
them. But being thus officially notified that the privilege of the writ has been suspended, under the orders, and
by the authority of the president, and believing, as I do, that the president has exercised a power which he does
not possess under the constitution, a proper respect for the high office he fills, requires me to state plainly and
fully the grounds of my opinion, in order to show that I have not ventured to question the legality of his act, without
a careful and deliberate examination of the whole subject.
The clause of the constitution, which authorizes the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, is in
the 9th section of the first article. This article is devoted to the legislative department of the United States, and
has not the slightest reference to the executive department. It begins by providing 'that all legislative powers
therein granted, shall be vested in a congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and house of
representatives.' And after prescribing the manner in which these two branches of the legislative department
shall be chosen, it proceeds to enumerate specifically the legislative powers which it thereby grants [and
legislative powers which it expressly prohibits]; 1 and at the conclusion of this specification, a clause is inserted
giving congress 'the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the
foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in
any department or officer thereof.'
The power of legislation granted by this latter clause is, by its words, carefully confined to the specific objects
before enumerated. But as this limitation was unavoidably somewhat indefinite, it was deemed necessary to
guard more effectually certain great cardinal principles, essential to the liberty of the citizen, and to the rights
and equality of the states, by denying to congress, in express terms, any power of legislation over them. It was
apprehended, it seems, that such legislation might be attempted, under the pretext that it was necessary and
proper to carry into execution the powers granted; and it was determined, that there should be no room to
doubt, where rights of such vital importance were concerned; and accordingly, this clause is immediately
followed by an enumeration of certain subjects, to which the powers of legislation shall not extend. The great
importance which the framers of the constitution attached to the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, to protect
the liberty of the citizen, is proved by the fact, that its suspension, except in cases of invasion or rebellion, is first
in the list of prohibited powers; and even in these cases the power is denied, and its exercise prohibited, unless
the public safety shall require it.
It is true, that in the cases mentioned, congress is, of necessity, the judge of whether the public safety does or
does not require it; and their judgment is conclusive. But the introduction of these words is a standing
admonition to the legislative body of the danger of suspending it, and of the extreme caution they should
exercise, before they give the government of the United States such power over the
liberty of a citizen.
It is the second article of the constitution that provides for the organization of the executive department,
enumerates the powers conferred on it, and prescribes its duties. And if the high power over the liberty of the
citizen now claimed, was intended to be conferred on the president, it would undoubtedly be found in plain
words in this article; but there is not a word in it that can furnish the slightest ground to justify the exercise of the
power.
The article begins by declaring that the executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of
America, to hold his office during the term of four years; and then proceeds to prescribe the mode of election,
and to specify, in precise and plain words, the powers delegated to him, and the duties imposed upon him. The
short term for which he is elected, and the narrow limits to which his power is confined, show the jealousy and
apprehension of future danger which the framers of the constitution felt in relation to that department of the
government, and how carefully they withheld from it many of the powers belonging to the executive branch of the
English government which were considered as dangerous to the liberty of the subject; and conferred (and that in
clear and specific terms) those powers only which were deemed essential to secure the successful operation of
the government.
He is elected, as I have already said, for the brief term of four years, and is made personally responsible, by
impeachment, for malfeasance in office; he is, from necessity, and the nature of his duties, the
commander in chief of the army and navy, and of the militia, when called into actual service; but no appropriation
for the support of the army can be made by congress for a longer term than two years, so that it is in the power
of the succeeding house of representatives to withhold the appropriation for its support, and thus disband it, if,
in their judgment, the president used, or designed to use it for improper purposes. And although the militia,
when in actual service, is under his command, yet the appointment of the officers is reserved to the states, as a
security against the use of the military power for purposes dangerous to the liberties of the people, or the rights
of the states.
So too, his powers in relation to the civil duties and authority necessarily conferred on him are carefully
restricted, as well as those belonging to his military character. He cannot appoint the ordinary officers of
government, nor make a treaty with a foreign nation or Indian tribe, without the advice and consent of the
senate, and cannot appoint even inferior officers, unless he is authorized by an act of congress to do so. He is
not empowered to arrest any one charged with an offence against the United States, and whom he may, from
the evidence before him, believe to be guilty; nor can he authorize any officer, civil or military, to exercise this
power, for the fifth article of the amendments to the constitution expressly provides that no person 'shall be
deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law' that is, judicial process.
Even if the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus were suspended by act of congress, and a party not subject to
the rules and articles of war were afterwards arrested and imprisoned by regular judicial process, he could not
be detained in prison, or brought to trial before a military tribunal, for the article in the amendments to the
constitution immediately following the one above referred to (that is, the sixth article) provides, that 'in all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the
state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the
witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the
assistance of counsel for his defence.'
The only power, therefore, which the president possesses, where the 'life, liberty or property' of a private citizen
is concerned, is the power and duty prescribed in the third section of the second article, which requires 'that he
shall take care that the laws shall be faithfully executed.' He is not authorized to execute them himself, or through
agents or officers, civil or military, appointed by himself, but he is to take care that they be faithfully carried into
execution, as they are expounded and adjudged by the coordinate branch of the government to which that duty
is assigned by the constitution. It is thus made his duty to come in aid of the judicial authority, if it shall be
resisted by a force too strong to be overcome without the assistance of the executive arm; but in exercising this
power he acts in subordination to judicial authority, assisting it to execute its process and enforce its judgments.
$With such provisions in the constitution, expressed in language too clear to be misunderstood by any one, I
can see no ground whatever for supposing that the president, in any emergency, or in any state of things, can
authorize the suspension of the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus, or the arrest of a citizen, except in aid of
the judicial power. He certainly does not faithfully execute the laws, if he takes upon himself
legislative power, by suspending the writ of habeas corpus, and the judicial power also, by arresting and imprisoning a person
without due process of law.
Nor can any argument be drawn from the nature of sovereignty, or the necessity of government, for
self-defence in times of tumult and danger. The government of the United States is one of delegated and limited powers; it
derives it existence and authority altogether from the constitution, and neither of its branches, executive,
legislative or judicial, can exercise any of the powers of government beyond those specified and granted; for
the tenth article of the amendments to the constitution, in express terms, provides that 'the powers not
delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states,
respectively, or to the people.'
Indeed, the security against imprisonment by executive authority, provided for in the fifth article of the
amendments to the constitution, which I have before quoted, is nothing more than a copy of a like provision in
the English constitution, which had been firmly established before the declaration of independence. Blackstone
states it in the following words: 'To make imprisonment lawful, it must be either by process of law from the
courts of judicature, or by warrant from some legal officer having authority to commit to prison.' 1 Bl. Comm.
137.
The people of the United Colonies, who had themselves lived under its protection, while they were British
subjects, were well aware of the necessity of this safeguard for their personal liberty. And no one can believe
that, in framing a government intended to guard still more efficiently the rights and liberties of the citizen, against
executive encroachment and oppression, they would have conferred on the president a power which the history
of England had proved to be dangerous and oppressive in the hands of the crown; and which the people of
England had compelled it to surrender, after a long and obstinate struggle on the part of the English executive to
usurp and retain it.
The right of the subject to the benefit of the writ of habeas corpus, it must be recollected, was one of the great
points in controversy, during the long struggle in England between arbitrary government and free institutions,
and must therefore have strongly attracted the attention of the statesmen engaged in framing a new and, as they
supposed, a freer government than the one which they had thrown off by the revolution. From the earliest history
of the common law, if a person were imprisoned, no matter by what authority, he had a right to the writ of
habeas corpus, to bring his case before the king's bench; if no specific offence were charged against him in the
warrant of commitment, he was entitled to be forthwith discharged; and if an offence were charged which was
bailable in its character, the court was bound to set him at liberty on bail. The most exciting contests between
the crown and the people of England, from the time of Magna Charta, were in relation to the privilege of this writ,
and they continued until the passage of the statute of 31 Car. II., commonly known as the great habeas corpus
act.
This statute put an end to the struggle, and finally and firmly secured the liberty of the subject against the
usurpation and oppression of the executive branch of the government. It nevertheless conferred no new right
upon the subject, but only secured a right already existing; for, although the right could not justly be denied, there
was often no effectual remedy against its violation. Until the statute of 13 Wm. III., the judges held their offices at
the pleasure of the king, and the influence which he exercised over timid, timeserving and partisan judges, often
induced them, upon some pretext or other, to refuse to discharge the party, although entitled by law to his
discharge, or delayed their decision, from time to time, so as to prolong the imprisonment of persons who were
obnoxious to the king for their political opinions, or had incurred his resentment in any other way.
The great and inestimable value of the habeas corpus act of the 31 Car. II. is, that it contains provisions which
compel courts and judges, and all parties concerned, to perform their duties promptly, in the manner specified
in the statute.
A passage in Blackstone's Commentaries, showing the ancient state of the law on this subject, and the abuses
which were practiced through the power and influence of the crown, and a short extract from Hallam's
Constitutional History, stating the circumstances which gave rise to the passage of this statute, explain briefly,
but fully, all that is material to this subject.
Blackstone says: 'To assert an absolute exemption from imprisonment in all cases is inconsistent with every
idea of law and political society, and in the end would destroy all civil liberty by rendering its protection
impossible. But the glory of the English law consists in clearly defining the times, the causes and the extent,
when, wherefore and to what degree, the imprisonment of the subject may be lawful. This it is which induces the
absolute necessity of expressing upon every commitment the reason for which it is made, that the court, upon a
habeas corpus, may examine into its validity, and according to the circumstances of the case, may discharge,
admit to bail or remand the prisoner. And yet early in the reign of Charles I. the court of kings bench, relying on
some arbitrary precedents (and those perhaps misunderstood) determined that they would not, upon a habeas
corpus, either bail or deliver a prisoner, though committed without any cause assigned, in case he was
committed by the special command of the king or by the lords of the privy council. This drew on a parliamentary
inquiry, and produced the 'Petition of Right' (3 Car. I.) which recites this illegal judgment, and enacts that no
freeman hereafter shall be so imprisoned or detained. But when, in the following year, Mr. Selden and others
were committed by the lords of the council, in pursuance of his majesty's special command, under a general
charge of 'notable contempts, and stirring up sedition against the king and government,' the judges delayed for
two terms (including also the long vacation) to deliver an opinion how far such a charge was bailable; and when
at length they agreed that it was, they however annexed a condition of finding sureties for their good behavior,
which still protracted their imprisonment, the chief justice, Sir Nicholas Hyde, at the same time, declaring that 'if
they were again remanded for that cause, perhaps the court would not afterwards grant a habeas corpus, being
already made acquainted with the cause of the imprisonment.' But this was heard with indignation and
astonishment by every lawyer present, according to Mr. Selden's own account of the matter, whose resentment
was not cooled at the distance of four and twenty years.' 3 Bl. Comm. 133, 134.
It is worthy of remark, that the offences charged against the prisoner in this case, and relied on as a justification
for his arrest and imprisonment, in their nature and character, and in the loose and vague manner in which they
are stated, bear a striking resemblance to those assigned in the warrant for the arrest of Mr. Selden. And yet,
even at that day, the warrant was regarded as such a flagrant violation of the rights of the subject that the delay
of the timeserving judges to set him at liberty, upon the habeas corpus issued in his behalf, excited the universal
indignation of the bar.
The extract from Hallam's Constitutional History is equally impressive and equally in point: 'It is a very common
mistake, and that not only among foreigners, but many from whom some knowledge of our constitutional laws
might be expected, to suppose that this statute of Car. II. enlarged in a great degree our liberties, and forms a
sort of epoch in their history. But though a very beneficial enactment, and eminently remedial in many cases of
illegal imprisonment, it introduced no new principle, nor conferred any right upon the subject. From the earliest
records of the English law, no freeman could be detained in prison, except upon a criminal charge or conviction,
or for a civil debt. In the former case it was always in his power to demand of the court of king's bench a writ of
habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, directed to the person detaining him in custody, by which he was enjoined to
bring up the body of the prisoner, with the warrant of commitment, that the court might judge of its sufficiency,
and remand the party, admit him to bail, or discharge him, according to the nature of the charge. This writ
issued of right, and could not be refused by the court. It was not to bestow an immunity from arbitrary
imprisonment, which is abundantly provided for in Magna Charta (if indeed it is not more ancient), that the
statute of Car. II. was enacted, but to cut off the abuses by which the government's lust of power, and the servile
subtlety of the crown lawyers, had impaired so fundamental a privilege.' 3 Hall. Const. Hist. 19.
While the value set upon this writ in England has been so great, that the removal of the abuses which
embarrassed its employment has been looked upon as almost a new grant of liberty to the subject, it is not to
be wondered at, that the continuance of the writ thus made effective should have been the object of the most
jealous care. Accordingly, no power in England short of that of parliament can suspend or authorize the
suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. I quote again from Blackstone (1 Bl. Comm. 136): 'But the happiness
of our constitution is, that it is not left to the executive power to determine when the danger of the state is so
great as to render this measure expedient. It is the parliament only or legislative power that, whenever it sees
proper, can authorize the crown by suspending the habeas corpus for a short and limited time, to imprison
suspected persons without giving any reason for so doing.' If the president of the United States may suspend
the writ, then the constitution of the United States has conferred upon him more regal and absolute power over
the liberty of the citizen, than the people of England have thought it safe to entrust to the crown; a power which
the queen of England cannot exercise at this day, and which could not have been lawfully exercised by the
sovereign even in the reign of Charles the First.
But I am not left to form my judgment upon this great question, from analogies between the English government
and our own, or the commentaries of English jurists, or the decisions of English courts, although upon this
subject they are entitled to the highest respect, and are justly regarded and received as authoritative by our
courts of justice. To guide me to a right conclusion, I have the Commentaries on the Constitution of the United
States of the late Mr. Justice Story, not only one of the most eminent jurists of the age, but for a long time one of
the brightest ornaments of the supreme court of the United States; and also the clear and authoritative decision
of that court itself, given more than half a century since, and conclusively establishing the principles I have above
stated.
Mr. Justice Story, speaking, in his Commentaries, of the habeas corpus clause in the constitution, says: 'It is
obvious that cases of a peculiar emergency may arise, which may justify, nay, even require, the temporary
suspension of any right to the writ. But as it has frequently happened in foreign countries, and even in England,
that the writ has, upon various pretexts and occasions, been suspended, whereby persons apprehended upon
suspicion have suffered a long imprisonment, sometimes from design, and sometimes because they were
forgotten, the right to suspend it is expressly confined to cases of rebellion or invasion, where the public safety
may require it. A very just and wholesome restraint, which cuts down at a blow a fruitful means of oppression,
capable of being abused, in bad times, to the worst of purposes. Hitherto, no suspension of the writ has ever
been authorized by congress, since the establishment of the constitution. It would seem, as the power is given
to congress to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, in cases of rebellion or invasion, that the right to judge
whether the exigency had arisen must exclusively belong to that body.' 3 Story, Comm. Const. s 1336.
And Chief Justice Marshall, in delivering the opinion of the supreme court in the case of Ex parte Bollman and
Swartwout, uses this decisive language, in 4 Cranch [8 U. S.] 95: 'It may be worthy of remark, that this act
(speaking of the one under which I am proceeding) was passed by the first congress of the United States,
sitting under a constitution which had declared 'that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus should not be
suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.' Acting under the
immediate influence of this injunction, they must have felt, with peculiar force, the obligation of providing efficient
means, by which this great constitutional privilege should receive life and activity; for if the means be not in
existence, the privilege itself would be lost, although no law for its suspension should be enacted. Under the
impression of this obligation, they give to all the courts the power of awarding writs of habeas corpus.' And
again on page 101: 'If at any time, the public safety should require the suspension of the powers vested by this
act in the courts of the United States, it is for the legislature to say so. That question depends on political
considerations, on which the legislature is to decide; until the legislative will be expressed, this court can only
see its duty, and must obey the laws.' I can add nothing to these clear and emphatic words of my great
predecessor.
But the documents before me show, that the military authority in this case has gone far beyond the mere
suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. It has, by force of arms, thrust aside the judicial
authorities and officers to whom the constitution has confided the power and duty of interpreting and
administering the laws, and substituted a military government in its place, to be administered and executed by
military officers. For, at the time these proceedings were had against John Merryman, the district judge of
Maryland, the commissioner appointed under the act of congress, the district attorney and the marshal, all
resided in the city of Baltimore, a few miles only from the home of the prisoner. Up to that time, there had never
been the slightest resistance or obstruction to the process of any court or judicial officer of the United States, in
Maryland, except by the military authority. And if a military officer, or any other person, had reason to believe
that the prisoner had committed any offence against the laws of the United States, it was his duty to give
information of the fact and the evidence to support it, to the district attorney; it would then have become the duty
of that officer to bring the matter before the district judge or commissioner, and if there was sufficient legal
evidence to justify his arrest, the judge or commissioner would have issued his warrant to the marshal to arrest
him; and upon the hearing of the case, would have held him to bail, or committed him for trial, according to the
character of the offence, as it appeared in the testimony, or would have discharged him immediately, if there
was not sufficient evidence to support the accusation. There was no danger of any obstruction or resistance to
the action of the civil authorities, and therefore no reason whatever for the interposition of the military.
Yet, under these circumstances, a military officer, stationed in Pennsylvania, without giving any information to
the district attorney, and without any application to the judicial authorities, assumes to himself the judicial power
in the district of Maryland; undertakes to decide what constitutes the crime of treason or rebellion; what
evidence (if indeed he required any) is sufficient to support the accusation and justify the commitment; and
commits the party, without a hearing, even before himself, to close custody, in a strongly garrisoned fort, to be
there held, it would seem, during the pleasure of those who committed him.
The constitution provides, as I have before said, that 'no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property,
without due process of law.' It declares that 'the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but
upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched,
and the persons or things to be seized.' It provides that the party accused shall be entitled to a speedy trial in a
court of justice.
These great and fundamental laws, which congress itself could not suspend, have been disregarded and
suspended, like the writ of habeas corpus, by a military order, supported by force of arms. Such is the case now
before me, and I can only say that if the authority which the constitution has confided to the judiciary department
and judicial officers, may thus, upon any pretext or under any circumstances, be usurped by the military power,
at its discretion, the people of the United States are no longer living under a government of laws, but every
citizen holds life, liberty and property at the will and pleasure of the army officer in whose military district he may
happen to be found. 2
In such a case, my duty was too plain to be mistaken. I have exercised all the power which the constitution and
laws confer upon me, but that power has been resisted by a force too strong for me to overcome. It is possible
that the officer who has incurred this grave responsibility may have misunderstood his instructions, and
exceeded the authority intended to be given him; I shall, therefore, order all the proceedings in this case, with
my opinion, to be filed and recorded in the circuit court of the United States for the district of Maryland, and
direct the clerk to transmit a copy, under seal, to the president of the United States. It will then remain for that
high officer, in fulfillment of his constitutional obligation to 'take care that the laws be faithfully executed,' to
determine what measures he will take to cause the civil process of the United States to be respected and
enforced.
----------------------------------------------------
1 From 9 Am. Law Reg. 524.
2 The constitution of the United States is founded upon the principles of government set forth and maintained in
the Declaration of Independence. In that memorable instrument the people of the several colonies declared, that
one of the causes which 'impelled' them to 'dissolve the political bands' which connected them with the British
nation, and justified them in withdrawing their allegiance from the British sovereign, was that 'he (the king) had
affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.'